About computer {memory}

Memory
The memory of a microcomputer is where programs and data are stored when they are currently in active use. We will cover different kinds of memory your microcomputer contains: RAM ROM CMOS RAM	\
RAM is the main memory space of your computer. The term RAM means Random Access Memory, and it comes from the early days of computers when mainframes had two types of memory: Random access, in which any bit of memory could be addressed at any moment; and Sequential memory (such as data stored on tape) where bits could only be accessed in a certain order. All of the memory in your computer is random access, so don’t worry about sequential memory. The RAM is the workspace of your computer. If your computer has more RAM, it can open more and larger programs and documents simultaneously. It’s like you having a large worktable to spread work papers out on instead of a tiny desk. The documents you are currently editing (and the programs your computer is using to let you do it) are stored in the RAM. RAM consists of banks of microchip transistors that are either on or off (representing a 1 or a zero). RAM chips need constant power to remember what is stored in them; a power interruption of even a fraction of a second (perhaps caused by nearby lightning) can cause the RAM to lose its contents. For this reason, RAM is said to be volatile (from “easily evaporated”) and this is why it is important to save your work often to a more permanent storage such as a hard disk. The specific type of RAM used by your computer could beSDRAM (synchronous dynamic RAM), or RDRAM (Rambus dynamic RAM), or DDR SDRAM (Double-data-rate SDRAM)—but don’t worry about the details. Just be sure to get the proper kind for your system when you purchase more RAM. RAM is usually installed into sockets on the motherboard asDIMMs (Dual Inline Memory Module), small circuit boards that hold the RAM chips. You can even install more RAM into your computer, but you must take precautions not to allow static electricity to damage the RAM or motherboard. The architecture of a given motherboard will limit the amount of extra RAM you can add. RAM size is measured in bytes, kilobytes, megabytes, etc., as discussed in the section on binary numbers. A typical computer in 2004 might have 512 MB of RAM installed. Virtual Memory
The amount of RAM limits how large and how many programs and data files you can have open at once. You normally couldn’t simultaneously open a two programs that each require 70 MB of RAM on a computer that has only 128 MB of RAM. However, modern operating systems use virtual memory to get around this roadblock. If everything won’t fit into RAM at once, the OS can automatically swap out currently unused data to the hard disk, and swap in whatever data are needed. But this comes at a price! Hard disks (mechanical devices) are much slower than RAM (electronic storage), so your computer will run much slower if using virtual memory. If you run into this, it’s best to just buy more RAM. ROM
Microcomputers also have some ROM (Read Only Memory) on the motherboard. ROM does not need power to remember its contents, so this is where a computer stores the programs that are needed to start up (boot up) the computer system. (The instructions can’t be stored in RAM, since RAM loses its contents when the computer is off; and they can’t be kept on the hard disk, since just reading data from a hard disk requires programs.) When the computer is first turned on, the program stored in the ROM is feed to the processor. This initial program checks to see that everything is in order and looks for storage devices on which it can locate a copy of the operating system; it then loads the first part of the OS into RAM, then hands control over to that program to finish the boot process. The startup instructions stored on ROM in a PC are part of theBIOS (Basic Input Output System). The BIOS also contains the low-level interface code needed to access the drives, keyboard, and produce simple display output. Note that what we call “ROM” is in most cases nowadays stored on an EEPROM chip (Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM). The motherboard includes special circuitry that allows the “permanent” contents of the chip to be updated if needed, but this is rarely done (EEPROM can only be re-written a limited number of times—but that limit may be 10,000 times). CMOS
The “CMOS memory” of a computer is a small amount of “semi-permanent” storage where changeable data can be stored that needs to remain available while the computer is turned off. A small battery on the motherboard keeps the CMOS ‘alive’ when power is off. The CMOS memory (called PRAM, or “Parameter RAM” on the Macintosh) can store such information such as what hard drive or copy of the OS you want to boot from, what are your default monitor settings, etc. The BIOS picks up this information and uses it during boot up. The CMOS memory can also hold the time and date so that your computer remembers this even when power its has been off. If your computer can’t remember the proper time, or can’t remember system settings when it’s off, the small battery may need to be replaced. Note that I used the term “CMOS memory” in quotes. CMOS (pronounced ‘See-Moss’) is a type of transistor memory that requires very little power to store data, so this type of chip was used in the early days for storing semi-permanent data. However, almost ALL of the chips in your computer nowadays (such as the RAM) uses CMOS technology, and (irony) the “CMOS semi-permanent memory” in many modern PCs is NOT stored on CMOS chips, but may use flash memory (a kind of EEPROM). But the terms “CMOS memory” and “the CMOS” are still used to refer to the semi-permanent memory.

PROUD TO BE AN INDIAN.

There are 3.22 Million Indians in America. 
                            38% of Doctors in America are Indians.
                            12% of Scientists in America are Indians.
                            36% of NASA employees are Indians.
                            34% of MICROSOFT employees are Indians.
                            28% of IBM employees are Indians.
                            17% of INTEL employees are Indians.
                            13% of XEROX employees are Indians.
                            You may know some of these facts. These
                            facts were recently published in a German
                            Magazine, which deals with
                            WORLD HISTORY FACTS ABOUT INDIA. 

                            India never invaded any country in her last
                            100000 years of history.
                            India invented the Number System.
                            Aryabhatta invented zero.
                            The World's first university was established in
                            Takshila in 700BC.More than 10,500 students from
                            all over the world studied more than 60 subjects. The
                            University of Nalanda built in the 4th century BC
                            was one of the greatest achievements of ancient India
                            in the field of education.
                            Sanskrit is the mother of all the European
                            languages. Sanskrit is the most suitable language
                            for computer software reported in Forbes magazine,
                            July 1987.

                            Ayurveda is the earliest school of medicine
                            known to humans. Charaka, the father of medicine
                            consolidated Ayurveda 2500 years ago. Today
                            Ayurveda is fast regaining its rightful place
                            in our civilization.
                            Although modern images of India often show
                            poverty and lack of development, India was the
                            richest country on earth until the time of
                            British invasion in the early 17th Century.
                            The art of Navigation was born in the river
                            Sindh 6000 years ago.
                            The very word Navigation is derived from
                            the Sanskrit word NAVGATIH.
                            The Word navy is also derived from Sanskrit 'Nou'.
                            Bhaskaracharya calculated the time taken by the
                            earth to orbit the sun hundreds of years before the
                            astronomer Smart.; Time taken by earth to orbit
                            the sun: (5th century) 365.258756484 days.
                            Budhayana first calculated the value of pi, and
                            he explained the concept of what is known as the
                            Pythagorean Theorem. He discovered this in the
                            6th century long before the European mathematicians
                            Algebra, trigonometry and calculus came from
                            India; Quadratic equations were by Sridharacharya in the
                            11th century ; The largest numbers the
                            Greeks and the Romans
                            used were 10 6(10 to the power of 6) whereas
                            Hindus Used numbers as big as 1053 (10 to the
                            power of 53) with specific names as Early as 5000 BCE
                            during the Vedic period. Even today, the largest
                            used number is Tera 1012(10 to the power of 12).
                            According to the Gemological Institute of
                            America, up until 1896,India was the only source for
                            diamonds to the world.
                            USA based IEEE has proved what has been a
                            century-old suspicion in the world scientifi
                            community that the pioneer of Wireless
                            communication was Prof. Jagdeesh Bose and not Marconi.
                            The earliest reservoir and dam for irrigation was
                            built in Saurashtra. According to Saka King
                            rudradaman I of 150 CE a beautiful lake
                            called 'Sudarshana'
                            was constructed on the hills of Raivataka during
                            Chandragupta Maurya's time.
                            Chess (Shataranja or AshtaPada) was invented in India.
                            Sushruta is the father of surgery. 2600
                            years ago he and health scientists of his time
                            conducted complicated surgeries like cesareans,
                            cataract, artificial limbs, fractures, urinary
                            stones and even plastic surgery and brain surgery. Usage
                            of anesthesia was well known in ancient India.
                            Over 125 surgical equipment were used. Deep
                            knowledge of anatomy, etiology, embryology, digestion,
                            metabolism, genetics and immunity is also found
                            in many texts.
                            When many cultures were only nomadic forest
                            dwellers over 5000 years ago, Indians
                            established Harappan culture in Sindhu
                            Valley (Indus Valley Civilization)
                            The place value system, the decimal system
                            was developed in India in 100 BC.

                            QUOTES ABOUT INDIA:

                            Albert Einstein said: We owe a lot to the
                            Indians, who taught us how to count, without
                            which no worthwhile scientific discovery could
                            have been   made.
                            Mark Twain said: India is the cradle of the
                            human race, the birthplace of human speech, the mother
                            of history, the grandmother of legend, and the great
                            grand mother of tradition. Our most valuable and most
                            structive materials in the history of man are treasured
                            up in India only.
                            French scholar Romain Rolland said: If there is
                            one place on the face of earth where all
                            the dreams of living men have found a home from
                            the very earliest days when man began the dream
                            of existence, it is India.
                            Hu Shih, former Ambassador of China to USA said:
                            India conquered And dominated China culturally
                            for 20 centuries without ever having to send a single
                            soldier across her border.
=================================================================
                            All the above is just the TIP of the iceberg, the
                            list could be endless. BUT, if we don't see even a
                            glimpse of that great India in the India That we see
                            today, it
                            clearly means that we are not working up to our
                            Potential and that if we do, we could once
                            again; be an ever shining and Inspiring country
                            setting a bright path for rest of the world to follow.
                            I Hope you enjoyed it and work towards the welfare
                            of INDIA. PROUD to be an INDIAN.
============================================================

Manual Gprs Settings For Airtel, Idea, Hutch, Bsnl, Aircel

Internet users are increasing day by day. Now most people take internet from their mobile phones. Anyone can take Internet from GPRS enabled mobiles if we have the GPRS settings from the connection provider. But, as the mobile GPRS users increased, the connection providers became busy.
here the use of manual settings come…
If we know how to make the GPRS settings manually, we can make it our self we don’t want to wait for the connection provider’s settings.

Manual Settings for Hutch Gprs

1. Account Name – Hutch_GPRS
2. User Name – Blank
3. Password – Blank
4. Proxy – Enabled/yes
5. Access Point Name – portalnmms
6. Full Internet Access Point Name – www
7. Proxy and Server address – 10.10.1.100
8. Proxy and Server Port – 8080
9. Homepage – http://hutchworld.co.in
10. Authentication Type – Normal

Manual Settings for Airtel Gprs

1. Homepage – any page you want to set.
2. User Name – Blank
3. Password – Blank
4. Proxy – Enabled/yes.
5. Proxy and Server Adress – 202.56.231.117
6. Proxy and Server Port – 8080
7. Data bearer – GPRS or Packet Data.
8. Access Point Name – airtelgprs.com
9. Authentication Type – Normal
10. Use preferred access point – No

Manual Settings for  Airtel live

1. Account Name – Airtel_live
2. Homepage – http://live.airtelworld.com
3. Username – Blank
4. Password – Blank
5. Proxy – Enabled/yes
6. Proxy and Server Adress – 100.1.200.99
7. Accespoint Name – airtelfun.com
8. Proxy and Server Port – 8080
9. Data bearer – GPRS/ Packet Data
10. Authentication Type – Normal

Manual Settings for Idea Gprs

1. Account Name – idea_GPRS
2. Username – Blank
3. Password – Blank
4. Homepage – http://wap.ideafresh.com
5. Proxy and Server Port – 8080
6. Proxy and Server adress – 10.4.42.45
7. Databearer – GPRS / Packetdata
8. Acces Point Name – imis
9. Proxy – Enabled/yes
10. Authentication Type – Normal

Manual Settings for Bsnl Gprs

1. Account Name – BPL WAP
2. Username – <Blank>
3. Password – <Blank>
4. Proxy – Enabled/yes
5. Homepage – http://wap.mizone.bplmobile.com
6. Proxy and Server address – 10.0.0.10
7. Proxy and Server Port – 8080
8. Acces Point Name – mizone
9. Data bearer – GPRS/ Packetdata
10. Authentication Type – Normal

Manual Settings for Aircel Gprs

1.NAME : Aircel Online
2.Homepage :http://google.com
3.User Name :Blank
4.Password :Blank
5.Use preferred Access Point :aircelgprs or aircelwap
6.Open Access Point Setting
7.Proxy:Enabled
8.Proxy address :192.168.035.201
9.port :8081
10.Data Bearer : Packet Data